📚 Academic References

Peer-reviewed sources for carbon sequestration methodology

🌍

IPCC Official Guidelines

The sequestration rates used in this calculator are derived from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) official guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories.

IPCC (2006)
2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4: AFOLU
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Key Finding: Tier 1 default values for forest biomass growth and carbon fractions
🔗 View Source
IPCC (2013)
2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines: Wetlands
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Key Finding: Specific guidance for coastal wetlands and mangrove ecosystems
🔗 View Source
📝

Peer-Reviewed Studies

These peer-reviewed publications provide supporting evidence for Indonesia-specific carbon sequestration potential and inform the scenario recommendations.

Murdiyarso, D., Purbopuspito, J., Kauffman, J.B., et al. (2015)
The potential of Indonesian mangrove forests for global climate change mitigation
Nature Climate Change
Key Finding: Indonesian mangroves store ~1,083 Mg C/ha, 5× higher than terrestrial forests
🔗 View Source 📄 DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2734
Alongi, D.M. (2014)
Carbon cycling and storage in mangrove forests
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
Key Finding: Mangrove conservation more cost-effective than restoration for emission reduction
🔗 View Source 📄 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2014.01.004
Hergoualc'h, K. & Verchot, L.V. (2011)
Stocks and fluxes of carbon associated with land use change in Southeast Asian tropical peatlands
Biogeosciences
Key Finding: Tropical peat/mangrove emit 3-5× more CO₂ when degraded vs. mineral soils
🔗 View Source 📄 DOI: 10.5194/bg-8-69-2011
Chapin, F.S., Matson, P.A., and Mooney, H.A. (2002)
Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology
Springer
Key Finding: Fundamental principles of ecosystem carbon cycling and sequestration dynamics
🔗 View Source
Baldocchi, D. (2008)
'Breathing' of the terrestrial biosphere: lessons learned from a global network of carbon dioxide flux measurement systems
Australian Journal of Botany
Key Finding: Global synthesis of CO2 flux measurements across various biomes
🔗 View Source 📄 DOI: 10.1071/BT08014
Grace, J. and Zhang, R. (2006)
Predicting the effect of climate change on global plant productivity and the carbon cycle
Plant Growth and Climate Change (Blackwell Publishing)
Key Finding: Modeling climate feedback loops on forest sequestration capacity
🔗 View Source
🏛️

Policy Documents

Official Indonesian government documents and international commitments that define emission targets and sequestration strategies.

Republic of Indonesia (2022)
Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution
UNFCCC
Key Finding: LULUCF sector delivers 60-63% of national emission reductions by 2030
🔗 View Source
Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Indonesia (2021)
Indonesia's FOLU Net Sink 2030
National Strategy Document
Key Finding: Forestry sector targeting net carbon sink by 2030
🔗 View Source
📐

Methodology Notes

Tier 1 Approach

This calculator uses the IPCC Tier 1 methodology, which applies globally/regionally averaged default values for carbon sequestration rates. This approach is suitable for:

Key Equations

Annual CO₂ Sequestration:

ΔC = Biomass Growth × Carbon Fraction × (44/12)

Where: Carbon Fraction = 0.47 (forest) / 0.45 (mangrove)
44/12 = Molecular weight ratio CO₂/C = 3.67

Full Biomass (with below-ground):

Total Rate = Above-ground Rate × (1 + R:S Ratio)

Where: R:S Ratio = 0.37 for tropical moist forests (IPCC Table 4.4)

Limitations

For policy-grade analysis, Tier 2/3 approaches using country-specific data are recommended. This calculator provides estimates for planning purposes only.